Belarus
Freedom at a Glance
Global Freedom
7 / 100
Not Free
Internet Freedom
21 / 100
Not Free
Belarus is an authoritarian state in which elections are openly rigged and civil liberties are severely restricted. Security forces have violently assaulted and arbitrarily detained journalists and ordinary citizens who challenge Alyaksandr Lukashenka's regime. The judiciary and other institutions lack independence and provide no check on Lukashenka’s power.
Research & Recommendations
Belarus
Not Free
7
100
| PR Political Rights | 1 40 |
| CL Civil Liberties | 6 60 |
Last Year's Score & Status
7
100
Not Free
A country or territory’s Freedom in the World status depends on its aggregate Political Rights score, on a scale of 0–40, and its aggregate Civil Liberties score, on a scale of 0–60.
See the methodology.
Overview
Belarus is an authoritarian state in which elections are openly rigged and civil liberties are severely restricted. Security forces have violently assaulted and arbitrarily detained journalists, activists, and ordinary citizens who challenge the regime. The judiciary and other institutions lack independence and provide no check on President Alyaksandr Lukashenka’s power.
Freedom in the World 2026 Policy Recommendations
Strengthen democratic coordination and collective action in a contested global order
Democratic resilience will increasingly depend on stronger coordination among countries that share a commitment to freedom, the rule of law, and accountable governance.
Reimagine international democracy assistance to help reverse the global decline in freedom
International support for democratic institutions, civil society, and independent media has been associated with modest but meaningful improvements in democratic governance, and it is far less costly than the military outlays necessitated by rising authoritarian aggression.
Prioritize engagement with younger generations in the digital spaces where civic identity is now formed
Young people are increasingly dissatisfied with democracy—not because they reject its principles, but because they see institutions failing to deliver on them. Programmatic work should create clear pathways for meaningful political participation, from voting and policy engagement to community organizing and public leadership, so that young people can translate their expectations into agency.
Belarus
Not Free
21
100
| A Obstacles to Access | 13 25 |
| B Limits on Content | 5 35 |
| C Violations of User Rights | 3 40 |
Last Year's Score & Status
20
100
Not Free
Scores are based on a scale of 0 (least free) to 100 (most free).
See the methodology and report acknowledgements.
Overview
Internet freedom in Belarus improved slightly, as websites hosted outside of the .by domain remained accessible during the coverage period. However, the government continued to block independent news outlets, arbitrarily expand the list of extremist materials, and issue harsh criminal penalties against bloggers, opposition figures, and social media users for online activity.
Freedom on the Net 2026 Policy Recommendations
Undermine Authoritarian Internet Restrictions
Access to the internet is under threat as authoritarian powers continue to create barriers for people to freely express themselves online. Internet shutdowns, throttling, and platform blocking remain among the most common tools of digital repression. At the same time, digital technologies serve as a lifeline for people seeking to expose human rights violations to the outside world and hold dictators accountable.
Safeguard Privacy Online
Protecting privacy online is essential to safeguarding free expression in repressive contexts. Without strong privacy protections, journalists and human rights defenders may self-censor out of a fear of reprisal. Rapid advances in AI—and the growing threat of automated vulnerability exploitation—heighten these risks, leaving civil society organizations increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyberattacks.
Belarus
2
100
| DEMOCRACY-PERCENTAGE Democracy Percentage | 1.79 100 |
| DEMOCRACY-SCORE Democracy Score | 1.11 7 |
Last Year's Democracy Percentage & Status
2
100
The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 7 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 1 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year. The Democracy Percentage, introduced in 2020, is a translation of the Democracy Score to the 0-100 scale, where 0 equals least democratic and 100 equals most democratic.
See the methodology.
Executive Summary
The political and human rights crisis in Belarus worsened in 2023. The authorities continued to stifle civil society voices that have demanded democracy. Under President Alyaksandr Lukashenka’s authoritarian rule, arbitrary arrests, politically motivated prosecutions, surveillance, censorship, and intimidation have become the new reality. Some of the violations committed in the years since the government’s 2020 crackdown on protests against Lukashenka’s continued rule, including in 2023, could be considered crimes against humanity.
Nations in Transit 2024 Policy Recommendations
Ensure that Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine is soundly defeated.
The future of European democracy and security is now inextricably linked to the fate of Ukraine. European Union (EU) and NATO member states must not only invest far more—and more efficiently—in their collective defense, but also provide Ukraine with the assistance it needs to roll back Russian advances and build a durable democracy of its own.
Support democratic renewal and reform.
In addition to defending the international order from emboldened autocrats, democratic governments must attend to democratic renewal within Europe, particularly among nascent democracies.
Provide consistent messaging and support to Europe’s aspiring democracies.
Military aggression from autocracies in the region has underscored the dangers of exclusion from democracy-based organizations like the EU and NATO, galvanizing the political will of policymakers in aspiring member states and generating further public pressure to undertake long-sought democratic reforms.
Election Watch for the Digital Age equips technology companies, civil society organizations, and policymakers with a data-driven resource for evaluating the human rights impact of internet platforms on a country’s electoral process.
Our Election Vulnerability Index consists of key election-related indicators regarding a country’s political rights and internet freedom. Derived from our annual Freedom in the World and Freedom on the Net reports, the data and accompanying analysis allows users to identify specific areas of concern ahead of a country’s election, including online influence operations, internet shutdowns, or intercommunal tensions fanned by social media.
News and Updates
Featured
Freedom House Perspectives
News Releases & Media Coverage
Country Facts
Basic Facts
Freedom in the World Score
7
/ 100
Not Free
Freedom on the Net Score
21
/ 100
Not Free
Nations in Transit Score
2
/ 100
Population: 9,228,000
Election Facts
Status
Past Election
Date of Election
January 26, 2025
Type of Election
Presidential
Internet Penetration
89.50%
Election Year
2025
Vulnerability Index
12
/ 100
Transnational Repression
Status
Not Tracked
